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1.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 146(4): 422-432, abr. 2018. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-961412

ABSTRACT

Background: Identifying risk factors for long-term mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) could improve their clinical management. Aim: To examine the clinical variables associated to long-term mortality in a cohort of COPD patients. Patients and Methods: A clinical and respiratory functional assessment, chest computed tomography and clinical follow up for five years was carried out in 202 COPD patients aged 66 ± 9 years (59% males), active or former smokers of 10 or more pack-years. Results: Thirty four percent of patients were active smokers, consuming 46 ± 23 packs/year, 86% had comorbidities, especially chronic cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Forty-six patients died in the five years follow-up (5-year mortality was therefore 22.8%). In the univariate analysis, the main risk factors associated to long-term mortality were an older age, male sex, dyspnea severity, severe exacerbation risk, chronic respiratory failure, magnitude of lung emphysema, airflow obstruction and lung hyperinflation, reduction of thigh muscle cross-sectional area and physical activity limitation. In the multivariate analysis, the three independent risk factors for long-term mortality were dyspnea severity, chronic hypoxemia and exercise limitation measured with the six minutes' walk test. Conclusions: Systematic clinical assessment allowed to identify the main risk factors associated with long-term mortality in patients with COPD, which could be used in planning preventive and management programs aimed at the high-risk population.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Smoking/physiopathology , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/physiopathology , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/mortality , Respiratory Function Tests , Smoking/mortality , Survival Analysis , Predictive Value of Tests , Prospective Studies , Risk Factors , Follow-Up Studies , Age Factors , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/blood , Dyspnea/physiopathology , Dyspnea/mortality , Exercise Test , Symptom Flare Up
2.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 140(5): 569-578, mayo 2012. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-648582

ABSTRACT

Background: Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have elevated serum levels of ultrasensitive C reactive protein (CRPus). This raise may be related directly to COPD and its associated systemic inflammation or secondary to other factors such as smoking status, disease severity, acute exacerbations, or associated complications. Aim: To evaluate the potential causes of raised levels of CRPus in stable COPD patients. Patients and Methods: Cohorts of 133 mild-to-very severe COPD patients (41 current smokers), 31 never-smokers, and 33 current smoker controls were compared. Clinical assessments included body mass index (BMI), fat (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) measurement by DEXA, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), arterial oxygen tension (PaO2), six-minute walking test (SMWT), emphysema (EMPH) and right thigh muscle cross-sectional area (TMCSA), both quantified by high resolution computed tomography. Results: Serum CRPus levels were significantly higher in COPD patients than in controls (7 ± 4.2 and 3.7 ± 2.7 mg/L respectively; p < 0.0001). Being smoker did not influence CRPus levels. These levels were significantly correlated with FM (r = 0.30), BMI (r = 0.21), FEV1 (r = -0.21), number of acute exacerbations of the disease in the last year (r = 0.28), and PaO2 (r = -0.27). Using multivariate analysis FM, PaO2, and number of acute exacerbations of the disease in the last year had the strongest association with CRPus levels. Conclusions: CRPus is elevated in COPD patients, independent of smoking status. It is weakly associated with fat mass, arterial oxygen tension and frequency of exacerbations.


Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , C-Reactive Protein/analysis , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/blood , Smoking/adverse effects , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/blood , Biomarkers/blood , Body Mass Index , Case-Control Studies , Forced Expiratory Volume , Inflammation/blood , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/physiopathology , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/physiopathology
3.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 139(12): 1562-1572, dic. 2011. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-627590

ABSTRACT

Background: Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) decrease their physical activity. However, it is unknown at which stage of the disease the reduction occurs and whether dyspnea is a limiting factor. Aim: To compare physical activity between patients with COPD and controls of similar age and to assess its association with disease severity. Material and Methods: We studied 112 patients with mild to very severe COPD and 55 controls. Lung function, six-minutes walking test (SMWT), and physical activity through the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) were measured. Results: Compared to controls, physical activity was significantly reduced in COPD patients (1823 ± 2598 vs. 2920 ± 3040 METs min/week; p = 0.001). Patients were more frequently sedentary (38 vs. 11%), while controls were more often very active (31 vs. 19%) or moderately active (58 vs. 43%). Physical activity was reduced from Global Initiative for Obstructive Chronic Lung Disease (GOLD) stage 2 and from Modified Medical Research Council (MMRC) dyspnea grade 1. Weak relationships were observed between lung function, SMWT and physical activity. Conclusions: Physical activity decreases early in the course of the disease and when dyspnea is still mild, among patients with COPD. (Rev Med Chile 2011; 139:1562-1572).


Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Dyspnea/physiopathology , Lung/physiopathology , Motor Activity/physiology , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/physiopathology , Walking/physiology , Dyspnea/complications , Epidemiologic Methods , Exercise Test , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/complications , Severity of Illness Index
4.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 134(12): 1568-1575, dic. 2006. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-441437

ABSTRACT

Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) is the first cause of death by respiratory disease in Chile and the first specific cause of death in people over 80 years of age. The geriatric population has a greater risk of suffering pneumonia, its complications and consequently dying. This is not only related to chronological age but also to certain factors related to ageing such as the presence of comorbidity, malnutrition, and cognitive impairment. An atypical presentation that delays the diagnosis and treatment also increases the risk of complications. CAP in the elderly is caused by the same pathogens that cause it in younger patients. S pneumoniae is the main pathogen followed by viral infections particularly in winter. An important strategy to reduce CAP related health costs, is the identification of patients who are at low risk of complications and who therefore could be managed at home. Optimum management of CAP in the elderly includes early diagnosis and the definition of clinical severity, early antibiotic treatment at the right dose and for an adequate length of time and a correct decision whether the patient should be managed in hospital or at home.


Subject(s)
Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Humans , Middle Aged , Community-Acquired Infections , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Community-Acquired Infections/diagnosis , Community-Acquired Infections/microbiology , Community-Acquired Infections/therapy , Pneumonia, Bacterial/diagnosis , Pneumonia, Bacterial/microbiology , Pneumonia, Bacterial/therapy , Risk Factors , Severity of Illness Index
5.
Rev. chil. med. intensiv ; 19(1): 13-20, 2004. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-396321

ABSTRACT

La evaluación de la gravedad del paciente con neumonía comunitaria (NAC) permite decidir el lugar de manejo, la extensión del estudio microbiológico y elección del tratamiento antimicrobiano. Objetivos: Describir la evolución clínica y pronóstico del adulto inmunocompetente hospitalizado por neumonía comunitaria según lugar de admisión. Resultados: Durante el período 1999-2001, se evaluaron 463 adultos con NAC en el servicio de urgencia de un hospital docente, 55 por ciento eran varones, 76 por ciento tenía comorbilidad, un tercio había recibido antibióticos antes del ingreso y 75 por ciento correspondían a las categorías de riesgo elevado de Fine (Clases III-V). De acuerdo a su gravedad, cerca del 40 por ciento de los pacientes fueron admitidos a la Unidad de Cuidados Intermedios (UTIM)o UCI. La etiología fue establecida en 25 por ciento de los casos, especialmente en aquellos internados en unidades especializadas. Los patógenos más frecuentes aislados fueron Streptococcus pneumoniae (10,2 por ciento), Haemophilus influenzae (3,7 por ciento), Staphylococcus aureus (2,8 por ciento) y bacilos Gram negativos entéricos (5,2 por ciento). En la admisión al hospital, la edad avanzada, presencia de comorbilidad, disnea, taquipnea, confusión mental, hipotensión, hipoxemia, acidosis metabólica, nitrógeno ureico elevado, hiperglicemia y compromiso radiográfico multilobar fueron más prevalentes en los pacientes admitidos a las unidades especializadas. La neumonía bacterémica, la infección por bacilos gram negativos entéricos y S aureus y la estadía prolongada en el hospital fueron más frecuentes en los pacientes admitidos a UTIM y UCI. El riesgo de complicaciones en el hospital y la letalidad en el hospital y seguimiento a 30 días también fueron más frecuentes en los pacientes admitidos a las unidades especializadas. Conclusión: El cuadro clínico, la evolución, riesgo de complicaciones y la letalidad del adulto inmunocompetente hospitalizado por neumonía comunitaria varía según el lugar de admisión al hospital.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Aged , Cephalosporins/therapeutic use , Community-Acquired Infections/epidemiology , Community-Acquired Infections/etiology , Community-Acquired Infections/immunology , Pneumonia/complications , Pneumonia/diagnosis , Pneumonia/epidemiology , Pneumonia/etiology , Pneumonia/immunology , Pneumonia/drug therapy , Clinical Evolution , Fatal Outcome , Patient Admission , Prognosis
6.
Rev. chil. enferm. respir ; 14(1): 7-14, ene.-mar. 1998. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-212002

ABSTRACT

Con el propósito de examinar la validez del límite inferior de lo normal de 8 mg/ml para la PC20 metacolina en individuos normales chilenos, estudiamos 79 sujetos, 39 hombres y 40 mujeres, con edades entre 6 y 75 años. Se excluyeron los sujetos con condiciones capaces de alterar la respuesta a metacolina. En todos se efectuó una espirometría y una prueba de provocación con metacolina hasta llegar a concentraciones de 256 mg/ml, obtener un plateau o una caída del VEF, de 40 por ciento o más respecto del valor basal La PC20 se calculó por interpelación. También se efectuó un prick test con 9 alergenos comunes, clasificando como atópicos a aquellos que reaccionaron con uno o más alergenos. Se obtuvo PC20 en 35 individuos (44 por ciento), 11 de los cuales (13,9 por ciento) presentaron PC20 por debajo de 8 mg/ml. Hubo mayor prevalencia de PC20 en mujeres que en hombres (51,1 por ciento vs 31,6 por ciento, p < 0,05). No hubo diferencias de PC20 entre atópicos y no atópicos. Los individuos en los que se obtuvo PC20 fueron signifícativamente menores (25,6 ñ 18,8 vs 41,4 ñ 18,6 años, p < 0,01) y tuvieron menores valores absolutos de CVF (3.232 ñ 1.017 vs 4.038 ñ 1.245 ml, p <.0,025) y VEF, (2.793 ñ 920 vs 3.405 ñ 1.073 ml, p < 0,05). El log PC20 se correlacionó significativamente con CVF, VEF, y talla. En una correlación múltiple paso a paso sólo CVF entró al modelo de predicción de PC20. Los niños más pequeños e individuos mayores, con menores CVF, tuvieron PC20 más bajas. Concluimos que el límite inferior de lo normal de 8 mg/ml es inadecuado para los individuos con CVF pequeña, independientemente de la edad, por lo que una predicción de PC20 que considere este factor mejorará la sensibilidad y la especificidad en el diagnóstico de hiperreactividad bronquial


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Bronchial Hyperreactivity/diagnosis , Methacholine Chloride , Bronchial Provocation Tests/methods , Age Distribution , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Forced Expiratory Volume/drug effects , Predictive Value of Tests , Reference Standards , Sex Distribution , Spirometry , Bronchial Provocation Tests/statistics & numerical data
7.
Rev. chil. enferm. respir ; 10(1): 16-24, ene.-mar. 1994. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-194558

ABSTRACT

Para evaluar el efecto de la exposición intermitente a un ambiente de hipoxia hipobárica en la fuerza y resistencia a la fatiga de los músculos inspiratorios, estudiamos 51 sujetos (edad promedio de 31ñ8.6 años) que trabajan en una mina de oro situada en el norte de Chile mediante un esquema de jornadas de 8-12 días de trabajo a 4.600 metros de altura seguidos por 4 días de descanso a nivel del mar. Se evaluó los síntomas de enfermedad de altura aguda durante el primer día en la mina con una encuesta elaborada en el Simposio de Hipoxia Internacional realizado en Canadá en 1991. Se midió la presión inspiratoria máxima (PIMax) como un índice de resistencia muscular. La resistencia a la fatiga fue evaluada mediante la carga inspiratoria máxima (CMS) y la presión inspiratoria máxima (PIMS) que pudieron sostener durante dos minutos. Los sujetos fueron evaluados a nivel del mar (A), durante los primeros días de ascenso (B) y en el tercer o cuarto día de permanencia en la mina (C). Los resultados fueron analizados con ANOVA para muestras repetidas y test t de Student, Newman Keuls


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Hypoxia/complications , Inspiratory Capacity/physiology , Respiratory Muscles/physiopathology , Airway Resistance/physiology , Occupational Exposure , Muscle Fatigue/physiology , Maximal Voluntary Ventilation/physiology
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